Gli afgani offrono posti di lavoro alla base dei talebani se defezionano
● Accanto all’uso della violenza militare per schiacciare i talebani, è stata avviata una campagna sponsorizzata dagli USA per sottrarre ai talebani la loro base – guerriglieri e comandanti locali -, offrendo [anziché danaro come già fatto nel 2001] posti di lavoro in progetti di sviluppo scelti dai leader tribali afgani, e pagati dai militari americani e dal governo afgano.
o La strategia dovrebbe fare da complemento al tentativo di creare milizie anti-talebane in varie parti del paese: le tribù pashtun dovrebbero aiutare a combattere i talebani e a stringere accordi con essi.
o La strategia conta su una situazione sociale di forte impoverimento causato da 30 anni di guerra, e con molti giovani seguaci talebani alla ricerca di un lavoro.
● Con il coinvolgimento dei leader tribali gli americani sperano di rafforzare sia il governo che le reti tribali pashtun.
● Il progetto di “Riconciliazione afgana” segue il modello del “Movimento di Risveglio” in Irak, dove diversi leader tribali sunniti hanno accettato si deporre le armi, e in molti casi vennero pagati per farlo. Il Risveglio ha ridotto la violenza …
● Nell’autunno 2001, nella prima fase della guerra americana in Afghanistan, decine di signori della guerra che combattevano per i talebani sono stati convinti spesso a suon di denaro a cambiare fronte.
● Una Legge di stanziamento per la Difesa, di recente approvata dal Congresso americano, destina $1,3 MD specificamente per il programma (CERP), un fondo discrezionale per gli ufficiali americani; che lo possono usare anche per favorire “la reintegrazione nella società afghana” di coloro che hanno rinunciato a combattere.
o I Pashtun costituiscono il nocciolo dei talebani, e formano una società per lo più tribale, le cui famiglie sono tra loro legate da parentela, una società che è guidata da gruppi di anziani.
o Le tribù pashtun si sono indebolite nel tempo, gli anziani vengono scelti da tre gruppi: i guerriglieri talebani, i ribelli che combatteono contro l’Urss e soldati dell’ex Urss.
o La società afghana è molto atomizzata a causa della decimazione delle tribù.
o Riunione tra un gruppo di 25 leader tribali di 4 province orientali e il governatore della provincia di Nangahar, (ex gov. scelto dagli americani per la provincia quella di Kandahar, dopo la caduta dei talebani nel 2001).
o Sono anche in corso tentativi di negoziato (sul cui successo a breve si ripone scarsa speranza) con i dirigenti dei principali gruppi di ribelli.
– In Afghanistan c’è una lunga storia di cambiamento di fronte, ma finora circa 9000 ribelli hanno abbandonato le armi e accettato di rispettare la Costituzione afgana.
A Jalalabad gli anziani vogliono provare a far cambiar fronte ai comandanti talebani, offrendo lavoro ad essi ed ai loro combattenti.
November 28, 2009
Afghans Offer Jobs to Taliban Rank and File if They Defect
By DEXTER FILKINS
– The American-backed campaign to persuade legions of Taliban gunmen to stop fighting got under way here recently, in an ornate palace filled with Afghan tribal leaders and one very large former warlord leading the way.
– “O.K., I want you guys to go out there and persuade the Taliban to sit down and talk,” Gul Agha Shirzai, the governor of Nangahar Province, told a group of 25 tribal leaders from four eastern provinces. In a previous incarnation, Mr. Shirzai was the American-picked governor of Kandahar Province after the Taliban fell in 2001.
“Do whatever you have to do,” the rotund Mr. Shirzai told the assembled elders. “I’ll back you up.”
After about two hours of talking, Mr. Shirzai and the tribal elders rose, left for their respective provinces and promised to start turning the enemy.
– The meeting is part of a battlefield push to lure local fighters and commanders away from the Taliban by offering them jobs in development projects that Afghan tribal leaders help select, paid by the American military and the Afghan government.
– By enlisting the tribal leaders to help choose the development projects, the Americans also hope to help strengthen both the Afghan government and the Pashtun tribal networks.
– These efforts are focusing on rank-and-file Taliban; while there are some efforts under way to negotiate with the leaders of the main insurgent groups, neither American nor Afghan officials have much faith that those talks will succeed soon.
– Afghanistan has a long history of fighters switching sides — sometimes more than once. Still, efforts so far to persuade large numbers of Taliban fighters to give up have been less than a complete success. To date, about 9,000 insurgents have turned in their weapons and agreed to abide by the Afghan Constitution, said Muhammad Akram Khapalwak, the chief administrator for the Peace and Reconciliation Commission in Kabul.
– But in an impoverished country ruined by 30 years of war, tribal leaders said that many more insurgents would happily put down their guns if there was something more worthwhile to do.
– “Most of the Taliban in my area are young men who need jobs,” said Hajji Fazul Rahim, a leader of the Abdulrahimzai tribe, which spans three eastern provinces. “We just need to make them busy. If we give them work, we can weaken the Taliban.”
– In the Jalalabad program, tribal elders would reach out to Taliban commanders to press them to change sides. The commanders and their fighters then would be offered jobs created by local development programs.
– The Pashtuns, who form the core of the Taliban, make up a largely tribal society, with families connected to one another by kinship and led by groups of elders.
– Over the years, the Pashtun tribes have been substantially weakened, with elders singled out by three groups: Taliban fighters, the rebels who fought the former Soviet Union[e] and the soldiers of the former Soviet Union[e] itself. The decimation of the tribes has left Afghan society largely atomized.
– Afghan and American officials hope that the plan to make peace with groups of Taliban fighters will complement an American-led effort to set up anti-Taliban militias in many parts of the country: the Pashtun tribes will help fight the Taliban, and they will make deals with the Taliban. And, by so doing, Afghan tribal society can be reinvigorated.
“We’re trying to put pressure on the leaders, and at the same time peel away their young fighters,” said an American military official in Kabul involved in the reconciliation effort. “This is not about handing bags of money to an insurgent.”
– The Afghan reconciliation plan is intended to duplicate the Awakening movement in Iraq, where Sunni tribal leaders, many of them insurgents, agreed to stop fighting and in many cases were paid to do so. The Awakening contributed to the remarkable decline in violence in Iraq.
– In the autumn of 2001, during the opening phase of the American-led war in Afghanistan, dozens of warlords fighting for the Taliban agreed to defect to the American-backed rebels. As in Iraq, the defectors were often enticed by cash, sometimes handed out by American Army Special Forces officers.
– At a ceremony earlier this month in Kabul, about 70 insurgents laid down their guns before the commissioners and agreed to accept the Afghan Constitution. Some of the men had fought for the Taliban, some for Hezb-i-Islami, another insurgent group. The fighters’ motives ranged from disillusion to exhaustion.
– “How long should we fight the government? How many more years?” said Molawi Fazullah, a Taliban lieutenant who surrendered with nine others. “Our leaders misled us, and we destroyed our country.”
Like many fighters who gave up at the ceremony, he shrouded his face with a scarf and sunglasses, for fear of being identified by his erstwhile comrades.
– The Americans say they have no plans to give cash to local Taliban commanders. They say they would rather give them jobs.
– In a defense appropriations bill recently approved by Congress, lawmakers set aside $1.3 billion for a program known by its acronym, CERP, a discretionary fund for American officers. Ordinarily, CERP money is used for development projects, but the language in the bill says officers can use the money to support the “reintegration into Afghan society” of those who have given up fighting.
– For all the efforts under way to entice Taliban fighters to change sides, there will always be the old-fashioned approach: deadly force. American commanders also want to squeeze them; such is the rationale behind Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal’s request for tens of thousands of additional American troops.
Indeed, sometimes force alone does the trick. On Oct. 9, American Special Forces soldiers killed Ghulam Yahia, an insurgent commander believed responsible for, among other things, sending several suicide bombers into the western city of Herat. Mr. Yahia had changed sides himself in the past: earlier in the decade, he was Herat’s mayor.
– When the Americans killed Mr. Yahia, in a mountain village called Bedak, 120 of his fighters defected to the Afghan government. Others went into hiding. Abdul Wahab, a former lieutenant of Mr. Yahia’s who led the defectors, said that the Afghan government had so far done nothing to protect them or offer them jobs. But he said he was glad he had made the jump anyway.
“We are tired of war,” he said. “We don’t want it anymore.”
Sangar Rahimi and Taimoor Shah contributed reporting from Kabul, Afghanistan.
A previous version of this article said that Gul Agha Shirzai was the governor of Jalalabad. He is governor of Nangahar Province.